Hive Mind
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- – Jace Beleren, Vryn's planewalker
- – The Many, System Shock 2
You know how your brain is made of a bajillion on/off chemical switches? What if you had a meta-brain that was made of a bajillion brains? Congrats, you're now envisioning what is basically a hive mind.
With a hive mind, you can have from a dozen to a city full of faceless minions that never fail morale checks; because each individual is wholly devoted to serving the greater whole. Given this, a connection to vermin, and the fact that the concept easily lends itself to a race of space communist(s) (even though having "core" units would make them a caste system — though, decentralized hive minds with true equality could also exist), hive mind races are almost always the villain, being given a raging hard-on for imperialistic expansionism. Cease this instance Guardsman!
Despite this, a hive mind could logically serve several quite nonvillainous roles rather well. Depending on just how the multiple individuals/bodies actually communicate with one another, they could serve as an excellent means of instant long-distance communication, for example. But this is rare in fiction; the closest example of a 'good' hive mind are the Geth from Mass Effect, and they're a loose example given the exact nature of how their intelligence works (See bellow). Humans, especially American humans, tend to value freedom and individuality too highly to see such an arrangement as anything but a nightmare. Usually, Types 1 and 2 are extra common to be portrayed as evil; Types 3 and 4 may be shown as good, but only if they're made of actual people and not monsters or techno-zombies of some kind.
Types of Hive minds in fiction[edit]
While the base concept of a Hive Mind is common there are variations on that basic idea that lead to unique 'personality' and quirks.
Type 0-A: Eusocial[edit]
A type 0 Hive mind are not a hive mind, but are some kind of animal that live in in a way that can make you think it's a hive mind. There are two sub-types, Eusocial and the second is weird enough to need a second entry. Eusocial animals like Ants, Termites, some bee and Wasps and Mole Rats have the closest thing to a real life to a hive mind— swarm intelligence. Ants do not have any dedicated thinking units, nor any command structure: their queens are just immobile baby factories. There is no single thinking body or overriding mind spread among the insects; each individual acts on its own volition, informed by its instincts (including communication from other colony members) and acts for the Greater Good of the colony. Said instincts, honed by evolution for social coexistence, gives each individual a predictable purpose and behavior independent of any higher thought organization. Each ant or bee is born knowing its place in the colony, and uses its own intelligence (humans have 344000 times more neurons than an ant) to perform actions that keep the whole colony alive, when said colony is reliant upon every other member of the colony also doing the same to manage resource intake, keeping the hive clean to limit sickness, protect the hive from other predators or rival colonies, and occasionally produce breeding members to make more colonies. The cool thing about swarm intelligence is that the colony acts more intelligent than its individual members would in isolation. There is also a field of robotics called swarm robotics which seeks to make robots that exhibit swarm intelligence.
Type 0-B: Siphonophores[edit]
Type 0-B Animals are... Whatever the fuck siphonophores are doing. OK so briefly: a Human is made of different organs that keep it alive, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, the muscles of the legs and so on. A Siphonophore is made of different individual animals, called Zooids, that are all attached together that work together to keep all of them alive. Some zooids are specialized as swimming pats, some are floats, some are adapted to catch and digest prey and so on. If you took a human and then took out their stomach, the stomach would die immediately. But if you took a digestive zooids out of the whole animal(?) the digestive zooids would not immediately die as they are distinct individual animals. . .but they would die eventually because they could not do all the functions required to stay alive. They are the digestive zooids which means they can't catch prey or swim or float and so would die as they were unable to do all the things they needed to stay alive. Confused? Siphonophores sorta break our conception of what it means to be an individual. Zooids are like organs, but they're also like individual animals. It's a lot like how some Tyranid Bio-Weapons are said to be distinct and different organisms from the creature carrying it, even though they are physically attached together.
Type 1: Overmind[edit]
Overmind hives are what most people think of when you say 'hive mind'. There are multiple bodies all controlled by a single intelligence: like when a person plays an RTS game. Each unit is part of a single intelligence enacting it's will, with the drones themselves being merely animals if split apart from it. The Overmind Hive can be a great enemy because the bodies have no mind, and it's no more troubled by losing five bodies than you would be by losing five neurons. In this way you can have an army that is suicidally aggressive without any of that pesky 'are we the baddies for killing all these people?' moral questions: No Dave they're not people.
Type 2: Hierarchical Hive Mind[edit]
Overmind hives make good villains, but they don't make good characters since there is only the one character: the Hive Mind it self. Therefore a common variation of hive mind is the Hierarchical Hive Mind. Here the hivemind is more like an army, with a central hub 'queen' and it 'devolves' command ability to multiple lesser queens that have there own independent thinking ability. This model keeps the unified hive-mind, while also allowing characters to be part of that hive. How independent the queens themselves may be varies. Sometimes they have great independence, up to even being able to break away from the central hive or even turn against it. Other times they are, to quote Star Craft, "formed with thought and reason but not free will."
Type 3: Consensus Consciousness[edit]
Instead of a top down hive mind, a Consensus Consciousness is lateral, each member together is linked to all other members are decisions are made by, effectively, democracy. It can be thought of as a bunch of people each with radios all always talking to each other, always sharing information and acting together. A common variation of this kind of hive mind is to put all the minds into one body. The "individual" Geth are an example of this, Legion is made of 1,183 distinct Geth programs all grouped up into a single intelligence. From the outside they look like a single person. On the inside they are a hive mind. The OG legion from the bible is another example “for we are many.”
Type 4: Merged Mind[edit]
The inverse of an Over mind, a Merged mind is not a single intelligence but the sum of many intelligence. Put on merged mind type drone in a room and it would be an animal; put more of them into a room and the whole would get smarter and smarter until it became a whole able to be communicated with; put even more of them into a room and they «transcend you by same degree by which you transcend microbes». Basically a type 0 swarm intelligence taken to an extreme.
Star Trek[edit]
Perhaps the most famous Hive Mind in science fiction is the Borg from Star Trek. A brutally utilitarian and hyper-expansionistic cyborg collective, the Borg are arguably the result of Trekkies learning about the Cybermen from Doctor Who and deciding to splice them with old anti-Communist propaganda. The Borg are a "hybrid" of artificial intelligence, cybernetic components, and captured organic species that have been forcibly linked together through the use of the aforementioned components. Zombie-like, they exist only to spread across the galaxy and assimilate all life into their collective. Narratively, they act as a dark mirror of the Federation, showing how horrifying integrating others into your collective and imparting your values on them can be.
Ironically, though firmly created as the type 1 Hive Mind, the Borg also popularized the Type 2 or "Hive Queen" variant when the Borg Queen was created as a kind of "face" to put on the collective as a whole.
Aliens[edit]
The titular Xenomorphs were ultimately depicted as having a powerful racial psionic network, with the queens of the different hives as the ultimate leaders of their progeny, in the 80s and 90s comics and novels. Therefore, Type 2.
Starcraft[edit]
The Zerg from Starcraft may be the most well-known Type 2 "Hive Queen" style Hive Mind in sci-fi. Though most Zerg average out as "animal" on the intelligence scale, there are distinctly smarter strains of Zerg who can telepathically commune with and control the lesser Zerg as extensions of their own will. This chain of intelligence caps, in the original Starcraft, in the Cerebrates and the Overmind, a singular organism which simultaneously exists within and separate from the collective psyches of the Zerg swarm. Destroying these "ruler-minds" is actually only supposed to be possible in-universe with the use of powerful psionic weapons that can cut them off from the collective mindscape of the Swarm, preventing them from just being downloaded into new bodies. At the end of the Protoss Campaign and the original story, the Overmind is slain and leaves the zerg leaderless . . . but the Swarm is still on Aiur and begins rampaging everywhere. This ties into the expansion Brood War which picks up almost immediately afterward. Cerebrate Daggoth orders a bunch of other cerebrates to merge to create a new Overmind while Kerrigan seeks to take control of the Swarm itself. Ultimately, Kerrigan has the new Overmind destroyed before it can mature and takes sole control of the Zerg.
By the second game, Sarah Kerrigan is the rule of the Swarm and has Broodmothers (take the StarCraft 2 Queen, make it bigger and smarter) to replace the Cerberates. In this case, removal of the central leader wouldn't lead to a total collapse like what happened to the Overmind and Cerebrates; instead, the Broodmothers would begin jockeying to take control of every Zerg. By the end of the storyline, Broodmother Zagara has taken command of the Zerg Swar, due to Kerrigan's ascension. Despite this, there are still feral/renegade Zerg here and there.
Starship Troopers[edit]
The Bugs are described as being a Type 0 eusocial species in the novels. The film turned this into a more sci-fi style Type 2 Hive Mind, with a distinct caste of psionically adept "Brain Bugs" that literally control the lesser species like puppets, and which in turn bow to the Queen Bugs, which are simultaneously more powerful Brain Bugs and the birthing mothers of the swarms. This interpretation of the Bugs was subsequently ported into the Roughnecks: Starship Troopers cartoon and the D20 tabletop game.
Warhammer 40,000[edit]
- – Tyranid Hive Mind, TTS
In Warhammer 40k, the "Hive Mind" is the ultimate, supreme grand master awesome badass overlord of all Tyranids (let's put a pin in that thought for now). It blots out all psychic signals, including the Astronomican, Astropath communications, and even the Warp. The latter is very upsetting to anyone that isn't a Tyranid (or a Necron, but the majority of them don't care either way).
The Hive Mind is made of literally every Tyranid creature, and the hive fleets are merely appendages of the Hive Mind. This means it is very, very, very big. Fucking huge, and some theorize that the Hive Mind is a new god of Order: its capacity for violence and reach is far beyond that of Khorne's while denying him any actual bloodlust, renders Tzeentch's plans impotent (individual Tyranids have no minds to outsmart), the immortality offered as part of a greater whole is beyond the shambling eternity of Nurgle, and no temptation nor depravity of Slaanesh's can sway a Tyranid away from the Hive Mind any more than you or I could cajole a liver cell into acting like a kidney cell. The Emperor himself probably cannot penetrate the will of an entire spacefaring species acting as one, probably because the Hive Mind is essentially an individual acting through a "species" rather than a collective of minds. It may also unironicaly be an extension or expression of Malal.
If you want to know its full brilliance: it once outwitted the Ultramarines. There you go.
There are only two recorded cases of the Hive Mind being in any way foiled: Varro Tigurius (in a story written by Matt Ward, natch), and one case when a besieged Craftworld managed to get a distress call out past the Hive Mind to the Eldar pirate prince Yriel (this fleshing out of lore was also written by Matt Ward, but here it was a concentrated effort by an entire planet of highly psychic aliens, and more than one of their best died from the strain).
When facing a Tyranid in battle it is not the individual before you that you fight, but the Hive Mind as a whole operating through the body of said critter. Now this actually is as bad as it sounds, but luckily for the other races of the galaxy the Hive Mind is not flawless. Its largest weakness is that it is pretty much a gestalt, its power and aptitude to influence events growing with the amount of individual bodies in a given place at a given time. There are exceptions to this rule, but generally speaking a single isolated Tyranid organism isn't any more dangerous then, say, a hippo or a wolf. Sure, it can fuck you up; but without higher level thought it can't make a plan other than stampede, gore you and then stomp on the paste. It can't think beyond basic predator hunting tactics and forget about strategic thought. Even a large mass of Hormagaunts, while dangerous, has no ability to form tactics or act with forethought beyond that you would expect from a wolf pack, a wolf pack with swords instead of forelimbs mind you, but wolf pack none the less. But when expressed through the synapse creatures designed to channel it, the Hive Mind can express its full power through its otherwise stupid minions and the Tyranids can become a nigh-on unstoppable unless checked by an equal force, as happened on Octarius against the Orks. Fun fact, that one actually ended up resulting in an Ork victory, which was kinda refreshing. Nevermind, the Tyranids actually won this one.
Another weakness of the Hive Mind is that even when present in overwhelming numbers, it is neither omniscient nor omnipotent and it still can be tricked, outsmarted or even beaten into submission by sheer resilience and/or firepower. The fluff is inconsistent with whether or not you can trick Tyranids into evolutionary dead-ends, because while it's possible to cause the local Tyranid fleet to hyper-adapt as to be vulnerable to your secret weapon, it's also possible that the constant warfare only makes it stronger. The newer fluff seems to be pointing to the latter, because if their 9th ed abilities are any indication, the Hive Mind is capable of choosing the right adaptation right before the battle.
This said: while the Hive Mind does make mistakes and can be outsmarted, you can fool it with the same trick only once; losses are anticipated and are useful either to cull the genepool, as fuel expended to ensure victory and/or simply to gather knowledge about a given lifeform to better adapt against it for the next time a Hive Fleet encounters said lifeform. The Tyranid Codex reminds us that even defeats anywhere may serve to ensure a victory somewhere else -- pray that you are at "anywhere" and not "somewhere else." Again though, for all its power, don't mistake the Hive Mind as more powerful than it actually is. A particularly interesting example of the Hive Mind outright failing can be found during the Devastation of Baal, when, at the height of the battle, the Great Rift opened across the galaxy, and severed Leviathan's connection to the Hive Mind. As in ALL of it. All of Hive Fleet Leviathan cut off from the Greater Hive Mind. And boy, the book makes it clear that the Space-Locusts were NOT ready for this. Even with the deployment of the Swarmlord, it was all the Tyranids could do not to completely lose any remaining cohesion. Then Ka'Bandha and his brodies manifested on one of Baal's moons, utterly upending a critical component of the Tyranids order of battle. And Guilliman's massive fuckoff War Fleets arrived in orbit. And the Legion of the Damned led by the Sanguinor appeared inside the 'Nids ranks to attack them. And Dante killed the Swarmlord. So the Hive Mind regaining some composure didn't quite work out, and, frankly their situation hasn't improved much since due to the impact and fallout of the Great Rift.
Despite the presence of Synapse creatures and Norn Queens, the Hive Mind is not a Type 1 Overmind described above. It operates more like a Type 3 Consensus or a Type 4 Merged, depending on the scale. You can separate individual Tyranids from the Hive Mind just like a stroke can separate brain cells, but those brain cells don't consider themselves "freed" and will do what they can to link back up.
Now remember that pin we use earlier? Let's pull it out now. The fluff is a little uncertain on if there is A Hive Mind or Multiple Hive Minds with one for each Hive Fleet. If there was a singular Hive Intelligence it would not explain why Tyranid hive fleets fight each other so often. It's theorized that this is a method of self improvement, throw two hive fleets at each other and the one with the best biomorphs wins and takes the losers biomass. That is what happens but if there was a central intelligence you think both hive fleets could improve with a horizontal gene transfer of useful information like how bacteria do rather then needing to fight and from that transfer compare the various biomorphs.If there is just a single Hive Mind, then it's possible that the Hive Mind treats these conflicts like simulated wargames to gain experience or potentially cause novel adaptations to emerge, though a fight could also achieve nothing but adapting Tyranids to fighting other Tyranids.
It's also double strange when you compare Tyranids to Ants. Army ants are the most immediate comparison to a Hive Fleet with the whole colony always on the march looking for foot, and Army Ants specifically Do not fight other members of the same species. Most other ants do fight members of the same species but Army Ants and few others do not, thus implying that Hive Fleets are seen as more divergent then a species, as if other Hive Fleets were a different faction they are competing with rather then them all being on team Hive Mind. On the other rending claw there is case of Hive Fleet Kronos which often is ignored by other hive fleets with those fleets often leaving a planet half eaten for Kronos to get a free meal which is unheard of among Tyranids and does suggest a Full on all Tyranid Hive Mind working to keep Kronos, the anti demon specialists of the Tyranids in top fighting form. But the Kronos case also calls out just how bizarre this behavior as Hive Fleets never work together outside this case. There is also the Swarmlord which is seen among multiple hive fleets, but Tyranids are Tyranids and it's 100% possible the Swarmlord is just a swarmlord, a particularly powerful synapse used in the basel hive fleet that all hive fleets have the genetemplate to birth.
In any case, singular intelligence or many, it does not really matter much. Either way when you fight the Tyranids your fighting an army with perfect psychic wi-fi, connecting all aspects of it together at all times into a single command and control that can perfectly attack, defend, coordinate or strike with each part having zero self-preservation or will. Good luck with that.